What are the primary effects of hydrogen cyanide exposure?

The primary effects of hydrogen cyanide exposure are indeed characterized by symptoms such as headache and upper respiratory irritation. Hydrogen cyanide is a potent and rapidly acting toxicant that interferes with the body's ability to utilize oxygen, leading to cellular hypoxia. The inhalation of hydrogen cyanide vapors can irritate mucous membranes, resulting in symptoms like coughing, throat irritation, and headaches, which are common initial reactions to exposure.

In contrast, pulmonary edema and emphysema are not direct effects of hydrogen cyanide; rather, these conditions are generally associated with chronic lung diseases or exposure to other irritants. Skin burns and infections are not typical results of hydrogen cyanide exposure since it primarily affects the respiratory system and internal processes rather than causing dermatological reactions. Vision impairment and dizziness can occur with high levels of exposure but are not as characteristic as the combination of headache and upper respiratory irritation, making the latter more representative of the primary effects seen with hydrogen cyanide exposure.